In late 2018 and early 2019, the news media reported three shocking events that occurred near the town of Menindee, in New South Wales, Australia. Over the course of 6 weeks, first tens, then hundreds of thousands, then millions of fish were found dead or gasping for oxygen in the waters of the Darling River and nearby lakes. Native cod, perch and bony bream were the species most affected. The cod deaths wer particularly shocking because many of them fish were large fish over 20 years old. Whether the fish populations can recover is still not known.
How did this occur, especially given that the Darling River is actively managed by officials employed by both federal and statelevel governments in Australia? Was this a preventable disaster or an incident beyond human control? These questions have been addressed by a number of formal inquiries since the disaster.
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